Purification of the Heart
Signs, Symptoms and Cures of
the Spiritual Diseases of the Heart
Translation and Commentary of
Imam Mawlud's Maášharat al-Qulub
by Hamza Yusuf
Comprehensive Treatment for the Heart
POEM VERSES 170-75
A comprehensive treatment plan for the heart's diseases is to
deny the self of its desires,
enjoin hunger, keep worship vigilance in the night, silence and
meditation in private;
also keeping company with good people who possess sincerity,
those who are emulated in their states and statements;
and, finally, taking refuge in the One unto whom all affairs
return. That is the most beneficial treatment for all of the previous diseases.
This must be to the point in which you are like a man
drowning or someone lost in a barren desert and sees no source of succor
except from the Guardian, possessor of the greatest power. He
is the One who responds to the call of the distressed.
Discussion
Imam Mawlud's approach in offering the cures for these diseases is like the story of the Gordian Knot of the kingdom of Phrygia, whose king offered his dominion to whoever was able to unravel the knot. Many tried and failed. When Alexander the Great was shown the knot, he pulled out his sword and cut through it. Diseases of the heart are like the Gordian Knot, and the best way to treat them is to cut through them.
Imam Mawlud completes his discussion on the various diseases and turns his attention to a comprehensive treatment plan for the heart, which focuses on curbing the soul from its own excessive desires. To accomplish this, he states that one must engage in hunger, vigilance during the nights, silence, and meditation in private. The Prophet pbuh said, "None of you [fully] believes until his desires are in accordance with what I have brought." So one's faith is not complete until his desires do not conflict with the message the Prophet pbuh was given. The way to achieve this alignment is to prohibit the soul of all things that are not in accordance with Islam—its law or spirit. One persists in this until the desire is tamed and compliant with divine dictates: As for he who transgresses and prefers the life of this world, Hell is [his] abode. And as for he who fears standing before his Lord and refrains his soul from passions, Paradise is [his] abode (QURAN, 79:37-41). Severing the bonds of slavery to the whims of the soul leads to happiness.
A typical bookstore will have many volumes dealing with people's addictions and their inability to control themselves. This publishing phenomenon is a response to social realities. In Islam, prayer teaches how to become disciplined with our hours and days. It gives us cleanliness through ablution and a consciousness of the passing of hours. Fasting is a universe in itself, a realm in which we learn about discipline in the most direct way with regard to the tongue, stomach, genitals, and eyes. Islam places great emphasis on discipline because there is so much at stake. Without discipline, religion would be impossible.
In Christian tradition, there are "seven deadly sins": arrogance, anger, envy, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. The last two relate to one's base desires, and they are the chief desires of the soul. Gluttony and lust are founded on natural inclinations of hunger and sexual attraction. The pathology related to them, however, pertains to excessiveness therein and satisfying one's urges in a forbidden manner. Imam al-Ghazali dealt with these impulses at great length in a section of his Ihya Ulum al-Din, which has been masterfully translated by T.J. Winter: Breaking the Two Desires (Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1995).
The stomach is the source of the key impulse of people. If a person can learn to control food, other issues of discipline follow, for gluttony is fuel for lust, and fasting breaks gluttony. The Prophet pbuh advised that unmarried people fast frequently in order to keep their sexual desires in check. Imam al-Qushayri said, "For me to raise my hand from my plate while I am still hungry is better than the whole night in prayer."
Spiritual masters traditionally have focused on hunger. The goal is not to create a nation of anorexics but to cut the knot that binds self-discipline. We do things often out of blind conditioning. When it comes to food, we have been drilled that three meals are not only normal, but necessary for proper nutritional fulfillment. But this is not true. The caloric intake of an average American far exceeds what is physiologically needed. As a result, America is now recognized as the most obese nation on earth, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Once the Prophet pbuh served a guest from Yemen a bowl of milk. When he finished drinking it, the Prophet pbuh asked him if he wanted more. The man said he would. This went on until the man drank seven bowls of milk, which was far more than what he needed. But when this man became a Muslim, the Companions noticed that he drank only one bowl of milk. The Prophet pbuh told them, "The disbeliever eats with seven intestines, while the believer eats with one."
People eat much more now than ever in history, especially when it comes to meat. In the past, meat was eaten infrequently even by people of means, who ate meat once or twice a week. The poor ate meat once or twice in a year, mainly around times of Eid celebrations. Also, snacking has become so common that many people do not go for more than a few hours without eating something. Convenience stores and vending machines are all over the place. This abundance was unheard of not too long ago. All of this has virtually turned people into grazing animals, which is anathema to spiritual wellness.
Sociologists, in studying eating habits, have said that the average American has 20 food contacts a day. In most traditional cultures, meals were set for specific times, and eating between meals was not acceptable. Nowadays, having a meal has been dispossessed of formality. Within the family, it no longer serves a social purpose. Individuals can live in the same home and be related as brothers, sisters, and parents, yet live virtually apart. There is now a callous relationship between human beings and their meals, an insensitivity to the flesh they eat and the source of their nutrition.
The combination of overeating and a breakdown of meal manners impairs a person's ability to build fortitude. A Muslim begins each meal in the name of God. The purpose of this, in addition to sanctifying a mundane act, is to consciously remember the source of the provision. And if one eats alone, he tries to find company to share the meal with. When the meal is complete, he praises God. If one is hosted, he thanks the host and offers prayers.
Ramadan is a time to experience hunger with good cheer and renewed gratitude. It is divorcing oneself from the world and being reminded of our spiritual soul. But a person can rob Ramadan of an important benefit by overeating at night in order to make up for what was missed during the day. The nights become night-long buffets and worship vigils become secondary (or ignored).
People who have a problem with eating should start at least by lessening the portion of what they normally eat, which is the beginning of discipline. It is also advised to eat with other people, for eating with guests would make a person conscious of being a glutton. Also, the more people that sit around a table, the greater the blessings (baraka). Finally, one should decrease the number of meals in a day.
It is not surprising that Imam Mawlud mentions hunger first among the comprehensive treatments for the heart. Eating is one of the most abused behaviors. We are conditioned to think that hunger is sated only when we feel full. One typical meal served in an average American restaurant can feed a family in West Africa.
Imam Mawlud mentions next the Night Prayer vigil. If one wishes to enliven the heart, then give it time with its Lord in the stillness of the dark, even if it is only two rak'at. Shaykh Maliki says never leave the Night Prayer vigil even for a little time. What is important about the Night Prayer is consistency (which is true about all good things). It is better to rise at night for ten minutes on a regular basis than to stay up for hours one night and the next night sleep. The performance of this prayer on a patchwork basis results in little benefit. Sidi Ahmad al-Zarruq said it is like "drilling here and there, never finding water anywhere."
The Prophet pbuh said, "Spread peace, feed needy people, and Pray at night when others sleep, and you will enter Paradise with ease." In the Quran, the Prophet's Night Prayer is associated with the elevated rank he shall be granted by God: And in a portion of the night, rise therein for Night Prayer—an extra act of devotion for you. It may be that your Lord shall raise you to a praiseworthy station (QURAN, 17:79). God the Exalted commends those who deprive their sides from their beds, resist sleep (which the body loves), and rise for prayer (QURAN, 32:16).
It is not our tradition to be excessive in our spiritual practices, such that we deprive ourselves of sleep to the point that we become psychotic or deprive ourselves of food to the point that we damage our health. What we do is learn to control our soul's desires and not be controlled by them. The Prophet pbuh said that our bodies have rights over us: they are food, drink, and companionship.
Not all of the Companions performed the Night Prayer, but many did. For us, what is rational and reasonable is to have some steady practice. It is good to start with short suras of the Quran during the prayer. If one makes a habit of spending a portion of the night in prayer and happens to oversleep until the time of Dawn Prayer, then it is permissible to perform the Night Prayer vigil before the Dawn Prayer, as long as one has enough time to pray the Dawn Prayer comfortably. This is a valid opinion.
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There is a hadith in which the Prophet pbuh said about Abdallah ibn Umar that he was an excellent man, "but if only he were to spend time in Night Prayer." Scholars take from this hadith that a person can be excellent even if he does not practice the Night Prayer, but that an excellent person would be exceptional if he or she prayed it. When Abdallah ibn Umar heard the Prophet's statement, he never once deserted the Night Prayer (Qiyam). Also there is the famous hadith of A'isha who said that the Prophet pbuh used to stand in prayer for so long that his feet would swell. She said to him, "O Messenger of God, why pray so long when God has forgiven everything you have done in the past and the future?" The Prophet said, "Should I not be the grateful servant?"
Scholars say that any time after Evening Prayers (Isha) is considered time for the Night Prayer vigil. Some say, however, that one should actually sleep then get up, while others say that sleep is not a requirement. People differ in what they are capable of doing. For physiological reasons, some have an especially difficult time waking up for Qiyam. For them, perhaps, it is better to pray Qiyam before they sleep. For other people, it is easy to rise an hour or two before dawn. Right before dawn, sleep is the heaviest. Imam Ibn Ata'illah said there is great wisdom that God the Exalted obliges us to rouse ourselves from sleep when it is most difficult: mind over matter. The self-discipline gained from this practice is very important to us.
In an attempt to keep a worshipper in slumber, Satan ties three heavy knots on one's head. The Prophet pbuh said that when one wakes up and says the supplication for awakening ("Praise be to God who has restored life to me after He has taken my soul, and to Him is the resurrection"), one knot is undone. When one makes ablution, the second knot is undone. And when one performs the prayer, the third knot is undone.
The Prophet pbuh often recited the closing verses of the third sura of the Quran (Al Imran) and was very moved by them. The Prophet's Companion Bilal came to the Prophet's home to announce the coming of prayer. Bilal saw that the Prophet pbuh had been weeping and asked him, "You weep while God has forgiven you for all of your past and your future?" The Prophet said to him, "O Bilal! Shall I not be a grateful servant while God has revealed to me this night verses [of the Quran]," that is, the closing verses of Al Imran (3:190-200). "Woe to him who reads these verses and does not ponder them!"
The Night Prayer vigil, like other acts of worship, is a gift that can be taken away when, for example, the worshipper starts to backbite, gossip, slander, consume unlawful food, earn illicit wealth, and so on. A person who has established an excellent regimen of worship may suddenly find himself unable to continue because of something he had done. When this occurs, the worshipper makes repentance and restores his practice. A scholar said, "I once said something about someone I should not have said, and I was deprived of the Night Prayer for 40 days." A man said that at the end of his life he went bankrupt because decades before he called out to a man, "Ya muflis" or "O bankrupt one!"
It is recommended that the last prayer be the Witr Prayer (the final prayer of the evening). It is also preferred that the Witr Prayer be performed immediately before dawn breaks. This requires that a person get up for Night Prayer. But if a person does not have a Night Prayer regimen, then it is acceptable to pray the Witr before sleeping.
Shaykh Habib said, "Take the path of ease with yourself in order for you to progress in your yearnings." Do not push yourself to the point that you find your supererogatory vigils a chore instead of a delight. He then said, "A prayer performed with love is better than a thousand devoid of it." Moderation ensures consistency and, as a result, the reaching of one's destination.
Imam Mawlud mentions next the importance of silence. The Prophet pbuh said, "If a person is given silence, he is given wisdom." The tongue is a great temptation. It is easy to say something that brings ruin upon its speaker. Learning how to control the tongue is an enormous discipline. Imam al-Shafi'i said that whenever he was in a gathering and wanted to say something, he would check his soul and be sure that his intentions were pure and were not to prove himself or flaunt his knowledge. Imam al-Shafi'i was a man of great intelligence and encyclopedic knowledge, yet he often enjoined silence upon himself. He once said, "I never had a debate with anyone except that I prayed to God that He make the truth appear on the tongue of my opponent so I could submit to it."
When the Prophet pbuh spoke, he always said the truth, even in levity. He disliked verbosity and cautioned his Companions about the tongue and what it earns. If it is words for the sake of words, it is a waste of time and a sign of bad character. Imam Malik said about one of his students, "He's a good man except he speaks a month's worth of words in a day."
Imam Mawlud mentions spiritual isolation for the purpose of reflection. Some remember death through visualization, using the puissance of imagination for visualizing their bodies washed, wrapped, and lowered in the grave. Others reflect on the attributes of God the Exalted by methodically pondering the meanings of each of His divine names that speak of God's awesome power, knowledge, clemency, mercy, creative powers, and more.
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Next in the overall treatment for the heart, Imam Mawlud speaks of the importance of keeping the company of good people, which is God's command: O you who believe, fear God and be among the truthful ones (QURAN, 9:119). It is astonishing how people can influence others simply by being in each other's company. Imam al-Haddad said, "The company one keeps has major effects. It may lead to either benefit and improvement or harm and corruption, depending on whether the company is that of pure and eminent people or those who are immoral and evil. This effect does not appear suddenly, but is a gradual process that unfolds with time."
Imam Ibn Ata'illah said, "Do not take as a companion someone whose state will not elevate you and whose speech does not direct you to God." In the same vein, Sidi Ahmad al-Zarruq said that one should befriend people who elevate one's station. Good company includes those who are in the state of gratitude; they are thankful for what they have and do not waste time complaining. One takes on their excellent characteristics. Sidi Abu'l-Hasan said, "Anyone who tells you to indulge in the world is defrauding you." Shaykh Ould al-Khadim says that when it comes to worldly possessions, it is good to associate with people who have lesser means. The company of wealthy people opens a person up to coveting what they have. When it comes to the Hereafter, it is better to associate with people who are superior to you in their desire for and understanding of it.
Companionship yields two kinds of impact: one that drags a person down to the compost of the world and the other that points toward God the Exalted and an existence that lasts forever. A companion who tries to sell the ephemeral stuff of this life and makes it the substance of conversation and pursuit is dragging the soul earthward. It is better, beyond compare, to seek out the company of those who help one achieve contentment with God. When one is content, little will suffice. But without contentment, nothing suffices.
Imam Mawlud says that seeking refuge with God is the most efficacious treatment for all diseases of the heart. Sidi Ibn Ashir says, "The only real cure for all these diseases is to go to God with complete unconditional imploring." What is meant here is urgently seeking refuge in God's protection and guidance, to seek this as if one were holding onto a thread over a canyon. It is begging, which before God is honorable. Most converts to Islam have said that before they became Muslims, they reached a point in their lives in which they petitioned with all their hearts and emotion that God guide them. In the haze of confusion and spiritual morass, they literally begged for it: "Just show me what to do!" And afterwards, it became easy and the path very clear. This is what Imam Mawlud is suggesting. There is nothing nonchalant in this act.
Imam Mawlud says that one should be like a person drowning in the sea or stranded in a desert without any provision. A moment of desperation can often be the best thing that ever happens to a person. Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens), the philanthropist and educator, tells in his story that he once was drowning in the Pacific Ocean near Malibu, California. In desperation he called out to God to save him, and if He would do so, he would seek out His guidance. The very waves and undercurrents of the ocean that nearly killed him were transformed into a force that propelled him back to shore. True to his word and promise, Yusuf indeed sought God's religion and embraced Islam.
Also Ibn Abi Jahl was on a boat with Abyssinian Christians. He fell into the water and was about to drown when he called upon the idol Hubal. The Christians on the boat said, "Are you calling on an idol in Makkah to help you?" Right then he realized how foolish it was. The truth about the oneness of God entered his heart.
Source: Purification of Heart
to be continued ....
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